| Latest Psychology NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 11th & 12th) | |||||||||||||||||||
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Latest Class 12th Psychology NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A
1. Variations In Psychological Attributes
This chapter explores the concept of **individual differences** in psychological attributes such as intelligence, aptitude, interest, and personality. It discusses how psychologists define and measure these attributes using various tests and assessment methods. The chapter highlights the notion of **intelligence** (e.g., theories by Spearman, Gardner, Sternberg) and discusses how it is assessed (e.g., IQ tests, mental age). Understanding these variations is crucial for appreciating the uniqueness of individuals and guiding them towards suitable educational and vocational paths, relevant in diverse settings like India.
2. Self And Personality
This chapter delves into the concepts of **Self** (how we perceive ourselves) and **Personality** (the relatively stable patterns of behaviour, thought, and emotion that characterize an individual). It discusses different theories of personality (e.g., psychoanalytic, humanistic, trait, behaviourist). Various methods for assessing personality (self-report measures, projective techniques, behavioural analysis) are explored. Understanding the self and personality helps explain individual uniqueness and how people interact with the world, providing frameworks for understanding human behaviour in various cultural and social contexts, including India.
3. Meeting Life Challenges
This chapter explores how individuals cope with **stress** and challenges in life. It defines stress, discusses its sources (stressors), types (e.g., environmental, social), and effects on physical and psychological well-being. The chapter introduces different **coping strategies** – the efforts individuals make to manage stress (e.g., problem-focused, emotion-focused coping). It also discusses the importance of resilience, well-being, and promoting positive health behaviors to effectively meet life challenges, highlighting how individuals adapt and maintain mental health amidst difficulties, applicable to various life situations in India.
4. Psychological Disorders
This chapter introduces the concept of **psychological disorders** (mental illnesses), discussing what constitutes abnormal behaviour and different models for understanding its causes (e.g., biological, psychological, socio-cultural). It provides an overview of major categories of disorders as per diagnostic systems, such as anxiety disorders (phobias, panic disorder), depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, developmental disorders, and substance-related disorders. The chapter emphasizes that these are treatable conditions and discusses the stigma associated with mental illness, advocating for understanding and seeking help, a growing area of awareness in India.
5. Therapeutic Approaches
This chapter explores various **therapeutic approaches** used to help individuals with psychological disorders and mental health issues. It discusses different types of therapies, including psychotherapy (talking therapies like psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioural - **CBT**, humanistic, gestalt, existential therapy), and biomedical therapies (e.g., medication, although less detailed in introductory texts). The chapter highlights the goals of therapy and the importance of the therapeutic relationship. It emphasizes that seeking professional help is a sign of strength and that various effective therapies are available to promote mental well-being and recovery.
6. Attitude And Social Cognition
This chapter delves into **Social Psychology**, focusing on how individuals think about and relate to others. It discusses **Attitudes** – learned predispositions to respond favourably or unfavourably to objects, people, or ideas – covering their formation, change, and relationship with behaviour. **Social cognition** refers to how we perceive, interpret, and remember social information, including forming impressions of others and explaining behaviour (attributions). Concepts like stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are explored, highlighting how our thoughts and feelings about the social world influence our interactions and relationships within a diverse society like India.
7. Social Influence And Group Processes
This chapter continues the exploration of **Social Psychology**, examining how individuals are influenced by others and how they behave within groups. **Social influence** includes concepts like conformity (adjusting behaviour to group norms), compliance (yielding to requests), and obedience (following orders from authority). **Group processes** discuss how individuals behave differently in groups compared to alone, covering topics like group formation, group performance (social loafing, facilitation), and group decision-making (groupthink). The chapter highlights the power of social context and group dynamics in shaping individual behaviour and interactions in various social settings in India.